For Further Research

 ◘ A Note on Primary Sources, All direct quotations in this book that are not cited in the text are taken from one of the following sixteen sources:

 ◘ Jean Bottero, Mesopotamia: Writing, Reading, and the Gods. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.

 ◘ Trevor Bryce, The Kingdom of the Hittites, Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1998.

 ◘ C.W. Ceram, ed., Hands on the Past: Pioneer Archaeologists Tell Their Own Story. New York: Knopf, 1966.

 ◘ Stephanie Dalley, trans., Myths from Mesopotamia. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.

 ◘ The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature, www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk.

 ◘ Benjamin R. Foster, Before the Muses: An Anthology ofAkkadian Literature. 2 vols. Bethesda, MD: CDL, 1996.

 ◘ A.K. Grayson, ed., Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles. Locust Valley, NY: Augustine, 1975.

 ◘ Internet Ancient History Sourcebook, www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/asbook.html.

 ◘ L.W. King, trans., The Law Code of Hammurabi. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britan-nica, 1910.

 ◘ Jorgen Laessoe, People ofAncient Assyria: Their Inscriptions and Correspondence. Trans. F.S. Leigh-Browne. London: Rout-ledge and Kegan Paul, 1963.

 ◘ Miriam Lichtheim, ed., Ancient Egyptian Literature: A Book of Readings. 2 vols. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1975-1976.

 ◘ Livius: Articles in Ancient History, "Achae-menid Royal Inscriptions,"www .livius.org/aa-ac/achaemenians/inscrip tions.html.

 ◘ Daniel D. Luckenbill, ed., Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia. 2 vols. New York: Greenwood, 1968.

 ◘ Leo Oppenheim, ed., Letters from Mesopotamia: Official, Business, and Private Letters on Clay Tablets from Two Millennia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967.

 ◘ James B. Pritchard, ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1969.

 ◘ M.A. Roth, Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor. Atlanta: Scholars, 1997.

   Selected Translations of Ancient Sources

 ◘ Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri, published as The Campaigns of Alexander. Trans. Aubrey de Selincourt. New York: Penguin, 1971.

 ◘ M.M. Austin, ed., The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest: A Selection ofAncient Sources in Translation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

 ◘ Bible, Revised Standard Version. New York: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1952.

 ◘ Kessinger, 2004. A collection of translations of several parts of the ancient Persian Avesta.

 ◘ Benjamin R. Foster, ed., From Distant Days: Myths, Tales, and Poetry of Ancient Mesopotamia. Bethesda, MD: CDL, 1995.

 ◘ Robert F. Harper, trans., TheLawCodeof Hammurabi. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1904.

 ◘ Herodotus, The Histories. Trans. Aubrey de Selincourt. New York: Penguin, 1972.

 ◘ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews,in The New Complete Works of Josephus. Trans. William Whiston. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel, 1999.

 ◘ Maureen G. Kovacs, trans., The Epic ofGil-gamesh. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1990.

 ◘ John Maier and John Gardner, trans., The Epic of Gilgamesh. New York: Vintage, 1981.

 ◘ Plutarch, Life of Alexander, Life ofArtax-erxes, and other biographies of ancient figures (parts of his larger work, Parallel Lives), in Plutarch: The Age of Alexander. Trans. Ian Scott-Kilvert. New York: Penguin, 1973; and in Plutarch's Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans. Trans. John Dryden. New York: Random House, 1932.

 ◘ Leroy Waterman, ed., Royal Correspondence of the Assyrian Empire. 4 vols. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1930-1936.

 ◘ Xenophon, Anabasis. Trans. W.H.D. Rouse. New York: New American Library, 1959.

 ◘ , Cyropaedia. Trans. Walter Miller. 2 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1914.

 ◘ , Hellenica, published as A History of My Times. Trans. Rex Warner. New York: Penguin, 1979.

   Selected Modern Sources

 ◘ Alexander the Great, the Greeks, and the Seleucid Empire

 ◘ Paul Cartledge, Alexander the Great: A New Life. New York: Overlook, 2004.

 ◘ J.F.C. Fuller, The Generalship of Alexander the Great. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo, 2004.

 ◘ Peter Green, Alexander of Macedon, 356323 b.c.: A Historical Biography. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992.

 ◘ , Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990.

 ◘ , The Greco-Persian Wars.Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1998.

 ◘ John Lazenby, The Defense of Greece. Bloomington, IL: David Brown, 1993.

 ◘ Nick Sekunda and John Warry, Alexander the Great: His Armies and Campaigns, 334-323 b.c. London: Osprey, 1998.

 ◘ Susan Sherwin-White and Amelie Kuhrt, Hellenism in the East: The Interaction of Greek and Non-Greek Civilizations from Syria to Central Asia After Alexander. London: Duckworth, 1987.

 ◘ , From Samarkhand to Sardis: A New Approach to the Seleucid Empire. London: Duckworth, 1993.

 ◘ Philip de Souza, The Greek and Persian Wars, 499-386 b.c. London: Osprey, 2003.

 ◘ The Archaeological Rediscovery of Mesopotamia

 ◘ Charles Burney, From Village to Empire: An Introduction to Near Eastern Archaeology. Oxford, UK: Phaidon, 1977.

 ◘ C.W. Ceram, Gods, Graves, and Scholars: The Story of Archaeology. Trans. E.B. Garside and Sophie Wilkins. New York: Random House, 1986.

 ◘ Austen Henry Layard, Nineveh and Its Remains. 2 vols. London: John Murray, 1867.

 ◘ , A Popular Account of Discoveries at Nineveh. New York: J.C. Derby, 1854. Seton Lloyd, The Archaeology ofMesopota-mia. London: Thames and Hudson, 1985.

 ◘ , Foundations in the Dust: A Story of Mesopotamian Exploration.NewYork: Thames and Hudson, 1981.

 ◘ , The Ruined Cities of Iraq. Chicago: Ares, 1980.

 ◘ E.M. Meyers, ed., The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. 5 vols. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

 ◘ George Smith, Assyrian Discoveries.New York: Scribner, 1875.

 ◘ Charles Leonard Woolley, Digging Up the Past. Baltimore: Penguin, 1937.

 ◘ , Ur Excavations. 8 vols. London: British Museum, 1934-1982.

 ◘ Gordon D. Young, Mari in Retrospect: Fifty Years ofMari and Mari Studies. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1992.

   Art, Architecture, and Sculpture

 ◘ L. Sprague de Camp, The Ancient Engineers. New York: Ballantine, 1995.

 ◘ Peter Clayton and Martin Price, eds., The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1993.

 ◘ Dominique Collon, First Impressions: Cylinder Seals in the Ancient Near East. London: British Museum, 1995.

 ◘ Henri Frankfort, Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient. New York: Penguin, 1971.

 ◘ Gwendolyn Leick, A Dictionary of Near Eastern Architecture. New York: Routledge, 1988.

 ◘ Andre Parrot, The Arts of Assyria. New York: Golden, 1961.

 ◘ , Sumer: The Dawn of Art. New York: Golden, 1961.

 ◘ Julian Reade, Assyrian Sculpture.London: British Museum, 1998.

 ◘ John M. Russell, Sennacherib's Palace Without Rival at Nineveh. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.

   The Assyrians and the Babylonians

 ◘ L. Delaporte, Mesopotamia: The Babylonian and Assyrian Civilization. Trans. V. Gordon Childe. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1970.

 ◘ Mark Healy and Angus McBride, The Ancient Assyrians. Oxford, UK: Osprey, 1991.

 ◘ A. Kirk Grayson, Assyrian Rulers of the Third and Second Millennia b.c. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987.

 ◘ Mogans T. Larsen, The Old Assyrian City-State and Its Colonies. Copenhagen: Aka-demisk Forlag, 1976.

 ◘ Gwendolyn Leick, The Babylonians.Lon-don: Routledge, 2003.

 ◘ Joan Oates, Babylon. London: Thames and Hudson, 1986.

 ◘ A.T. Olmstead, History of Assyria. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968.

 ◘ H.W.F. Saggs, Babylonians. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000.

 ◘ , The Greatness That Was Babylon. New York: New American Library, 1963.

 ◘ , The Might That Was Assyria. London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1984.

 ◘ Donald J. Wiseman, Nebuchadnezzar and Babylon. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1995.

   Crafts, Commerce, Trade, and Travel

 ◘ Lionel Casson, The AncientMariners. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991.

 ◘ , Ships and Seafaring in Ancient Times, London: British Museum, 1994.

 ◘ , Travel in the Ancient World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.

 ◘ Jan G. Dercksen, Trade and Finance in Ancient Mesopotamia. Leiden: Netherlands Historical-Archaeological Institute, 1999.

 ◘ J.D. Hawkins, ed., Trade in the Ancient Near East. London: British School of Archaeology in Iraq, 1977.

 ◘ Peter R.S. Moorey, Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industry. Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1994.

 ◘ , Materials and Manufacture in Ancient Mesopotamia. Oxford, UK: B.A.R., 1985.

 ◘ A. Leo Oppenheim et al., Glass and Glass-making in Ancient Mesopotamia.Corn-ing, NY: Corning Museum of Glass, 1970.

   General Works on History and Culture

 ◘ Norman B. Hunt, Historical Atlas ofAncient Mesopotamia. New York: Facts On File, 2004.

 ◘ Samuel N. Kramer, Cradle of Civilization. New York: Time-Life, 1978.

 ◘ Gwendolyn Leick, Historical Dictionary of Mesopotamia. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2003.

 ◘ , Mesopotamia: The Invention of the City. London: Penguin, 2001.

 ◘ , Who's Who in the Ancient Near East. London: Routledge, 1999.

 ◘ R.J. Matthews, The Early Prehistory of Mesopotamia, 500,000 to 4,500 b.c. Turn-hout, Belgium: Brepolis, 1999.

 ◘ Fergus Millar, The Roman Near East, 31 b.c.-a.d. 337. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.

 ◘ A. Leo Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait ofa Dead Civilization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977.

 ◘ Susan Pollock, Ancient Mesopotamia.New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

 ◘ Julian Reade, Mesopotamia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991.

 ◘ Michael Roaf, Cultural Atlas ofMesopota-mia and the Ancient Near East. New York: Facts On File, 1990.

 ◘ Georges Roux, Ancient Iraq.New York: Penguin, 1992.

 ◘ H.W.F. Saggs, Civilization Before Greece and Rome. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991.

 ◘ J.M. Sasson, ed., Civilizations of the Near East. 4 vols. New York: Scribner's, 1995.

 ◘ Wolfram von Soden, The Ancient Orient: An Introduction to the Study of the Ancient Near East. Trans. Donald G. Schley. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1994.

   Gods and Religion

 ◘ Jeremy A. Black and Anthony R. Green, Gods, Demons, and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. London: British Museum, 1992.

 ◘ Jean Bottero, Religion in Ancient Mesopotamia. Trans. Teresa L. Fagan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.

 ◘ Thorkild Jacobsen, The Treasures ofDark-ness: A History of Mesopotamian Religion. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1976.

 ◘ Rustom Masani, Zoroastrianism: Religion of the Good Life. New York: Macmillan, 1968.

 ◘ Kazko Watanabe, ed., Priests and Officials in the Ancient Near East. Heidelberg, Germany: C. Winter, 1999.

   The Hittites, Hebrews, and Other Near Eastern Peoples

 ◘ Maria E. Aubert, The Phoenicians and the West. Trans. Mary Turton. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.

 ◘ Trevor Bryce, Life and Society in the Hittite World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2002.

 ◘ Michael D. Coogan, ed., The Oxford History of the Biblical World.NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1998.

 ◘ John Curtis, ed., Later Mesopotamia and Iran: Tribes and Empires, 1600-539 b.c. London: British Museum, 1995.

 ◘ Yisrael Eph'al, The Ancient Arabs: Nomads on the Borders of the Fertile Crescent. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 1982.

 ◘ Roberta L. Harris, The World of the Bible. London: Thames and Hudson, 1995.

 ◘ Walther Hinz, The Lost World of Elam: Recreation of a Vanished Civilization. London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1972.

 ◘ Donald B. Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992.

 ◘ Mathew W.A. Waters, A Survey of Neo-Elamite History. Helsinki, Finland: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, 2000.

 ◘ Gernot Wilhelm, The Hurrians. Warminster, UK: Aris and Phillips, 1989.

   Laws and Justice

 ◘ G.R. Driver and John C. Miles, The Assyrian Laws. 2 vols. Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1935.

   , The Babylonian Laws. 2 vols. Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1968.

 ◘ Martha Roth, Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor. Atlanta: Scholars, 1995.

   Literature, Myths, and Flood Legends

 ◘ J.A. Black, Reading Sumerian Poetry. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998.

 ◘ S.G.F. Brandon, Creation Legends of the Ancient Near East. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1963.

 ◘ Samuel N. Kramer, From the Tablets of Sumer. Indian Hills, CO: Falcon Wings, 1956.

   , Sumerian Mythology. New York: Harper and Row, 1972.

 ◘ Wilfred G. Lambert, Babylonian Wisdom Literature. Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1960.

 ◘ Wilfred G. Lambert and Allan R. Millard, Atrahasis: The Babylonian Story of the Flood. Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1969.

 ◘ Gwendolyn Leick, A Dictionary of Near Eastern Mythology. London: Routledge, 1998.

 ◘ Henrietta McCall, Mesopotamian Myths. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990.

 ◘ Piotr Michalowski, Letters from Early Mesopotamia. Atlanta: Scholars, 1990.

 ◘ Olof Pedersen, Archives and Libraries in the Ancient Near East. Bethesda, MD: CDL, 1998.

 ◘ William Ryan and Walter Pitman, Noah's Flood: The New Scientific Discoveries About the Event That Changed History. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998.

 ◘ Nathan Wasserman, Style and Form in Old Babylonian Literary Texts. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2002.

   The Persians, Parthians, and Sassanians

 ◘ Alessandro Bausani, The Persians: From the Earliest Days to the Twentieth Century. Trans. J.B. Donne. London: Elek, 1971.

 ◘ M.A.R. Colledge, The Parthians.London: Thames and Hudson, 1967.

 ◘ J.M. Cook, The Persian Empire.London: Dent, 1983.

 ◘ John Curtis, Ancient Persia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990.

 ◘ Kaveh Farrokh, Sassanian Elite Cavalry. London: Osprey, 2005.

 ◘ Ilya Gershevitch, ed., The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 2. The Median and Achaemenian Periods. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

 ◘ A.T. Olmstead, History ofthe Persian Empire. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948.

 ◘ Josef Wiesehofer, Ancient Persia from 550 B.c.to 650 a.d. London: Tauris, 1996.

   Society and Everyday Life

 ◘ Zainab Bahrani, Women of Babylon: Gender and Representation in Mesopotamia. London: Routledge, 2001.

 ◘ H.S. Baker, Furniture in the Ancient World. London: Connoisseur, 1966.

 ◘ Stephen Bertman, Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia.NewYork: Facts On File, 2003.

 ◘ Jean Bottero, Everyday Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.

 ◘ Georges Contenau, Everyday Life in Babylon and Assyria. London: Edward Arnold, 1964.

 ◘ L. Hartman and A. Leo Oppenheim, On Beer and Brewing Techniques in Ancient Mesopotamia. Baltimore: American Oriental Society, 1950.

 ◘ Karen R. Nemet-Nejat, Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1998.

 ◘ Michael B. Poliakoff, Combat Sports in the Ancient World. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987.

 ◘ Nicholas Postgate and J.N. Postgate, Early Mesopotamia: Society and Economy at the Dawn of History. New York: Routledge, 1994.

 ◘ Daniel C. Snell, Life in the Ancient Near East, 3100-332 b.c. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997.

 ◘ Klaas R. Veenhof, ed., Houses and Households in Ancient Mesopotamia. Istanbul: Netherlands Historical-Archaeological Institute of Istanbul, 1996.

   The Sumerians

 ◘ Harriet E.W. Crawford, Sumer and the Sumerians. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

 ◘ Thorkild Jacobsen, The Sumerian King List. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939.

 ◘ Tom B. Jones, ed., The Sumerian Problem. New York: John Wiley, 1969.

 ◘ Samuel N. Kramer, History Begins at Sumer. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981.

   , The Sumerians: Their History,

 ◘ Culture and Character. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971.

 ◘ Charles Leonard Woolley, The Sumerians. New York: Norton, 1965.

   Weapons and Warfare

 ◘ Arthur Cotterell, Chariot: The Astounding Rise and Fall of the World's First War Machine. New York: Overlook, 2005.

 ◘ Robert Drews, The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 b.c. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995.

 ◘ Richard A. Gabriel and Karen S. Metz, From Sumer to Rome: The Military Capabilities of Ancient Armies.New York: Greenwood, 1991.

 ◘ John Hackett, ed., Warfare in the Ancient World. New York: Facts On File, 1989.

 ◘ Adreinne Mayor, Greek Fire, Poison Arrows, and Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World. New York: Overlook Duckworth, 2003.

 ◘ Yigael Yadin, The Art ofWarfare in Biblical Lands in the Light of Archaeological Study. 2 vols. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963.

   Web Sites

   The International History Project, "Persia." (http://ragz-international.com/ persians.htm). A brief but informative overview of Persian history, with numerous links to related topics.

   Livius: Articles in Ancient History, "The Sassanids," (www.livius.org/sao-sd/ sassanids/sassanids.htm). An excellent overview of the major rulers and events of the Sassanian Empire. Available through links, the Livius history series also has fine articles on Assyria, Darius I, Persepolis, the Seleucid Empire, zig-gurats, and many other topics relating to the civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia.

   Ms. Croft-Crossland's Standard World History, "Babylonians." (http://home.cfl. rr.com/crossland/AncientCivilizations/ Middle_East_Civilizations/Babylonians/ babylonians.html). Though brief, this synopsis of ancient Babylonia is well written and includes some striking photos of surviving artifacts. Available through links, Croft-Crossland's series also has informational articles on the Sumerians, Assyrians, Hittites, Hebrews, and other important ancient Near Eastern peoples.